Skip to main content

C-2

Chemistry Class 12 Syllabus
Unit     Title     
I      Solid State
II     Solutions
III    Electrochemistry
IV     Chemical Kinetics
V      Surface Chemistry
VI     Isolation of Elements   
VII    p-Block Elements
VIII  d- and f-Block Elements
IX     Coordination Compounds
X      Haloalkanes and Haloarenes   
XI     Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
XII   Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
XIII  Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
XIV   Biomolecules
XV    Polymers
XVI   Chemistry in Everyday Life

Unit I: Solid State
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.
Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n & p type semiconductors.
Unit II: Solutions
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, van't Hoff factor.
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .

  1. SOLUTIONS 1
  2. SOLUTIONS 2
  3. SOLUTIONS 3
  4. SOLUTIONS 4
Unit III: Electrochemistry
Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell -electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .

  1. Electrochemistry 1
  2. Electrochemistry 2
  3. Electrochemistry 3
  4. Electrochemistry 4
  5. Electrochemistry 5
Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .
  1. CHEMICAL KINETICS 1
  2. CHEMICAL KINETICS 2
  3. CHEMICAL KINETICS 3
  4. CHEMICAL KINETICS 4
Unit V: Surface Chemistry
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic , lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion - types of emulsions. 

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction - electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron. 
Unit VII: p - Block Elements
Group 15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen preparation properties & uses ; compounds of nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (Structure only) ; Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides PCl3 , PCl5 and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties,dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphur -allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: Preparation properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; oxoacids of sulphur (Structures only).
Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. 
Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals - metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactvity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids. 
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .
  1. d- AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 1
  2. d- AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 2
  3. d- AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 3
  4. d- AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 4
  5. d- AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 5
  6. d- AND f- BLOCK ELEMENTS 6
Unit IX: Coordination Compounds
Coordination compounds - Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner's theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereo isomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .
  1. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 1
  2. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 2
  3. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 3
  4. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 4
  5. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 5
  6. COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 6
Unit X : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.
Haloarenes: Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only.
Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform freons, DDT.
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .
  1. HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 1
  2. HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 2
  3. HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 3
  4. HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 4
Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties( of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. 
Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. 
Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophillic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes: uses.
Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .
  1. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 1
  2. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 2
  3. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 3
  4. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 4
  5. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 5
  6. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 6
Unit XIII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places in context.
Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Click below for Video lectures from IIT PAL on Swayam Prabha by the MHRD, Government of India.
  1. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 1
  2. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 2
  3. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 3
  4. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 4
  5. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen 5
Unit XIV: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) importance.
Proteins - Elementary idea of α - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones - Elementary idea excluding structure.
Vitamins - Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
Unit XV: Polymers
Classification - natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .
  1. POLYMERS 1
  2. POLYMERS 2
  3. POLYMERS 3
  4. POLYMERS 4
Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday life
Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
Chemicals in food - preservations, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
Please click below for Revision Lectures and Resources on Swayam Prabha by MHRD,Government of India .
  1. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE 1
  2. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE 2
  3. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE 3
  4. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE 4

CHEMISTRY CLASS XII Practical
Micro chemical methods are available for several of the practical experiments. Wherever possible such techniques should be used.
A.Surface Chemistry
(a) Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol. Lyophilic sol: starch, egg albumin and gum. Lyophobic sol: aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenious sulphide.
(b) Dialysis ofsol prepared in (a) above.
(c) Study of the role of emulsifying agent in stabilizing the emulsions of different oils.
B. Chemical Kinetics
(a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. 
(b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:
(i) Reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different concentration of iodide ions.
 (ii) Reaction between potassium iodate (KIO3) and sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) using starch solution as indicator (clock reaction).
C. Thermochemistry 
Any one of the following experiments:
(a) Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.
(b) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH).
(c) Determination of enthalpy change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between acetone and chloroform.
D. Electrochemistry 
Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+ //Cu2+/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4) at room temperature.
E. Chromatography 
(a) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography
and determination of Rf values.
(b) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having wide difference in R f values to be provided).
F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
(a) Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.
(b) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.
G. Preparation of Organic Compounds
Preparation of any one of the following compounds: (a) Acetanilide (b) Di-benzal acetone (c) p-Nitroacetanilide. (d) Aniline yellow or 2-Napththol aniline dye.
H. Test for the Functional Groups Present in Organic Compounds
Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary) groups.
I. Study of Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins in Pure Form and Detection of their Presence in given Food Stuffs
J. Determination ofConcentration/Molarity against a Standard Solution of of KMnO4Solution by Titrating it
(a) Oxalic acid (b) Ferrous ammonium sulphate (Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).
K. Qualitative Analysis
Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt. Cations – Pb2+  ,Cu2+ ,As 3+ ,Al3+ , Fe3+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , Zn2+ , Co2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Mg2+, NH4+
Anions – CO32–, S2– , SO32–, SO4–2, NO2–, NO3–, Cl–, Br–, I–, PO3–4 , C2O4 –2
(Note : Insoluble salts excluded)
Investigatory Project

Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from

other sources.
A few suggested projects

  1. Study of presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
  2. Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
  3. Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc.
  4. Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time etc.)
  5. Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of pH and temperature on it.
  6. Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram flour, potato juice, carrot juice etc.
  7. Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).
  8. Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter,sugar, turmeric powder, chilli powder and pepper.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Virtual Chemistry and Simulations

Chemistry moves from the lab and the classroom to the computer, as working in a virtual chemistry laboratory and viewing simulations provide additional ways of learning chemistry. Next-Generation Molecular Workbench Visual, Interactive Simulations for Teaching & Learning Science For Chemistry Beginners:- PhET Interactive Simulations PhET, based at the University of Colorado at Boulder, offers over three dozen chemistry-based simulations. Users can search by subject and grade level. Many have been translated into different languages. Chemistry Solutions: Featured Simulations Each issue of  Chemistry Solutions , the periodical of the American Association of Chemistry Teachers, contains a simulation. This page collects and describes simulations from past issues. MERLOT Simulation Collection The Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT) at the California State University has collected descriptions and links to a huge numbe...
Post a Comment
Read more

Syllabi and Reference Books for CSIR-UGC-NET/GATE and CSE Chemistry

Syllabus for GATE Chemistry  Section 1: Physical Chemistry Structure: Postulates of quantum mechanics. Time dependent and time independent Schrödinger equations. Born interpretation. Particle in a box. Harmonic oscillator. Rigid rotor. Hydrogen atom: atomic orbitals. Multi-electron atoms: orbital approximation. Variation and first order perturbation techniques. Chemical bonding: Valence bond theory and LCAO-MO theory. Hybrid orbitals. Applications of LCAO-MOT to H2+, H2 and other homonuclear diatomic molecules, heteronuclear diatomic molecules like HF, CO, NO, and to simple delocalized π– electron systems. Hückel approximation and its application to annular π – electron systems. Symmetry elements and operations. Point groups and character tables. Origin of selection rules for rotational, vibrational, electronic and Raman spectroscopy of diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Einstein coefficients. Relationship of transition moment integral with molar extinction co...
Post a Comment
Read more

AI and Machine Learning in Chemistry: Revolutionizing Discovery and Innovation

AI and Machine Learning in Chemistry: Revolutionizing Discovery and Innovation by Anil Kumar ,Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry,A.S. College,Deoghar The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into the field of chemistry is catalyzing a transformation in research, development, and applications. By leveraging vast amounts of data, these technologies are enabling chemists to accelerate discoveries, optimize processes, and uncover new insights that were previously beyond reach. This blog post explores the pivotal role of AI and ML in chemistry, highlighting their applications, benefits, and future potential. Accelerating Drug Discovery One of the most significant impacts of AI and ML in chemistry is in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in drug discovery. Traditional drug discovery is a lengthy, expensive, and complex process that involves sifting through massive amounts of chemical compounds to identify potential candidates for drug develop...
Post a Comment
Read more